Introduction to variable through patterns and through appropriate word problems and generalisations. Generate such patterns with more examples. Introduction to unknowns through examples with simple contexts (single operations)
Introduction and general understanding of perimeter using many shapes. Shapes of different kinds with the same perimeter. Concept of area, Area of a rectangle and a square Counter examples to different misconcepts related to perimeter and area. Perimeter of a rectangle – and its special case – a square.
Concept of Ratio. Proportion as equality of two ratios. Unitary method (with only direct variation implied). Word problems.
Line, line segment, ray. Open and closed figures. Interior and exterior of closed figures. Circle- Centre, radius, diameter, arc, sector, chord, segment, semicircle, circumference, interior and exterior.
Choosing data to examine a hypothesis, Collection and organisation of data in tally bars and a table, Pictographs, making bar graphs for given data interpreting.
Measure of Line segment. Measure of angles. Pair of lines, Types of angles, classification of triangles, types of quadrilaterals – Trapezium, parallelogram, rectangle, square, rhombus.
Introduction to geometry. Its linkage with and reflection in everyday experience. Line, line segment, ray. Open and closed figures. Interior and exterior of closed figures. Curvilinear and linear boundaries. Angle — Vertex, arm, interior and exterior, Triangle — vertices, sides, angles, interior and exterior, altitude and median.
Observation and identification of 2-D symmetrical objects for reflection symmetry. Operation of reflection (taking mirror images) of simple 2-D objects. Recognising reflection symmetry (identifying axes).
